What causes ocean currents?

Ocean currents are primarily driven by a combination of factors, which includes wind, the rotation of the Earth, and variations in water density due to differences in temperature and salinity.

Wind plays a crucial role by transferring energy to the surface of the ocean, creating surface currents. These currents follow the wind patterns influenced by Earth's rotation, which also contributes to the Coriolis effect that causes currents to turn and spiral rather than flow in straight lines.

Additionally, the density of seawater, which can change based on temperature (thermal stratification) and salinity (haline stratification), leads to movements of water known as thermohaline circulation. This process helps create deep ocean currents that are driven by the sinking of denser water and the rising of less dense water.

This multi-faceted approach to understanding ocean currents emphasizes the importance of various natural forces in governing oceanic movements, making the chosen answer the most comprehensive and accurate reflection of the underlying concepts.